
How did a treeless volcanic island in the North Atlantic, stripped of its birch forests by Viking axes over a thousand years ago, begin clawing woodland back onto slopes of black ash and wind?
Iceland lost more than 95% of its birch forests after Norse settlement in 874 CE, and now plants three to four million trees a year to claw woodland back onto slopes of volcanic ash. Here's how the soil chemistry, the sheep economy, and a century of forestry are rebuilding the least-forested country in Europe.















